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Wild-type ATTR amyloidosis is a progressive disease caused by misfolding of normal transthyretin. Learn about cardiac and musculoskeletal red flags, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring.

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Hereditary ATTR amyloidosis is an inherited disease caused by pathogenic TTR variants. Learn about inheritance, symptoms, cardiac and neurologic involvement, genetic testing, diagnosis, family screening and treatment.

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Learn how gene silencers reduce transthyretin production in ATTR cardiac amyloidosis, how vutrisiran works, what clinical trials show, and how these therapies differ from TTR stabilizers.

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Learn how pacemakers are used in cardiac amyloidosis, when implantation may be needed, how the procedure works, and why pacing strategy and follow-up matter.

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Learn how implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) work in cardiac amyloidosis, when they may be considered, how implantation is performed, and why patient selection is essential.

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Learn how pacemakers, ICDs and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are used in cardiac amyloidosis, including their indications, potential benefits, limitations and the importance of individualized patient selection.

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Liver transplantation was historically an important disease-modifying treatment for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. Learn which patients may still be considered today, how genotype and cardiac involvement affect eligibility, why disease can progress after transplantation, and how modern TTR-directed therapies have changed its role.

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Kidney transplantation can offer selected patients with amyloidosis-related kidney failure long-term dialysis independence. Learn how amyloid type, disease control, cardiac involvement and recurrence risk influence transplant eligibility and outcomes.

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Heart transplantation can be an important treatment option for carefully selected patients with advanced cardiac amyloidosis. Learn how transplant teams assess eligibility, the differences between AL and ATTR amyloidosis, extracardiac disease, combined-organ transplantation and modern transplant outcomes.

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Organ transplantation can be an important treatment option for carefully selected patients with amyloidosis and advanced organ dysfunction. This article explains when heart, kidney, liver, or combined transplantation may be considered in AL, ATTR, and AA amyloidosis, and why disease control and multidisciplinary assessment are essential.

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Biopsy remains important when cardiac amyloidosis cannot be diagnosed confidently by non-invasive testing. Learn when tissue sampling is needed, how Congo red confirms amyloid, and why accurate amyloid typing is essential.

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Genetic testing helps distinguish hereditary ATTR amyloidosis from wild-type disease. Learn when to test, how TTR variants are interpreted, and what results mean for patients and their families.

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Monoclonal protein testing is a critical step in the evaluation of suspected cardiac amyloidosis. Learn how serum free light chains and serum and urine immunofixation help identify possible AL amyloidosis and guide the diagnostic pathway toward an accurate amyloid subtype diagnosis.

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Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides detailed tissue characterization in cardiac amyloidosis. Learn how late gadolinium enhancement, native T1 mapping, extracellular volume and abnormal myocardial nulling support diagnosis and assessment.

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Bone scintigraphy is central to the non-invasive diagnosis of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. This article explains PYP, DPD and HMDP imaging, Perugini grading, SPECT, the H/CL ratio, monoclonal protein testing and when biopsy is still required.

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AA amyloidosis is a systemic disease caused by persistent inflammation and prolonged serum amyloid A production. It most often affects the kidneys, leading to proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and progressive kidney dysfunction. This article explains the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, amyloid typing, and treatment of AA amyloidosis.

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Echocardiography is central to recognizing cardiac amyloidosis. Explore the key echo red flags, including increased ventricular wall thickness, restrictive filling, reduced tissue Doppler velocities, impaired global longitudinal strain, and relative apical sparing.

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Cardiac amyloidosis in Africa remains under-recognized and under-researched. This article explores diagnostic barriers, genetic relevance, treatment access, workforce gaps, research priorities and opportunities to improve care across the continent.

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AL amyloidosis is caused by abnormal immunoglobulin light chains produced by a clonal plasma-cell disorder. Learn about key symptoms, cardiac and renal red flags, diagnostic testing, biopsy, amyloid typing and treatment.

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Cardiac amyloidosis treatment depends on the amyloid type. This guide explains current ATTR and AL therapies, including TTR stabilizers, TTR silencers, plasma-cell-directed treatment, diuretics, anticoagulation and multidisciplinary heart failure care.